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1 Introduction

This document serves as the complete definition of Google's coding standards forsource code in the Java™ Programming Language. A Java source file is described as being inGoogle Style if and only if it adheres to the rules herein.

Like other programming style guides, the issues covered span not only aesthetic issues offormatting, but other types of conventions or coding standards as well. However, this documentfocuses primarily on the hard-and-fast rules that we follow universally, andavoids giving advice that isn't clearly enforceable (whether by human or tool).

1.1 Terminology notes

In this document, unless otherwise clarified:

1. The term class is used inclusively to mean an 'ordinary' class, enum class, interface or annotation type (@interface).
2. The term member (of a class) is used inclusively to mean a nested class, field, method, or constructor; that is, all top-level contents of a class except initializers and comments.
3. The term comment always refers to implementation comments. We do not use the phrase 'documentation comments', instead using the common term 'Javadoc.'

Other 'terminology notes' will appear occasionally throughout the document.

1.2 Guide notes

Example code in this document is non-normative. That is, while the examplesare in Google Style, they may not illustrate the only stylish way to represent thecode. Optional formatting choices made in examples should not be enforced as rules.

2 Source file basics

2.1 File name

The source file name consists of the case-sensitive name of the top-level class it contains(of which there is exactly one), plus the.java extension.

2.2 File encoding: UTF-8

Source files are encoded in UTF-8.

2.3 Special characters

2.3.1 Whitespace characters

Aside from the line terminator sequence, the ASCII horizontal spacecharacter (0x20) is the only whitespace character that appearsanywhere in a source file. This implies that:

1. All other whitespace characters in string and character literals are escaped.
2. Tab characters are not used for indentation.

2.3.2 Special escape sequences

For any character that has a special escape sequence(b,t,n,f,r,',' and), that sequenceis used rather than the corresponding octal(e.g. 012) or Unicode(e.g. u000a) escape.

2.3.3 Non-ASCII characters

For the remaining non-ASCII characters, either the actual Unicode character(e.g. ∞) or the equivalent Unicode escape(e.g. u221e) is used. The choice depends only onwhich makes the code easier to read and understand, although Unicode escapesoutside string literals and comments are strongly discouraged.

Tip: In the Unicode escape case, and occasionally even when actualUnicode characters are used, an explanatory comment can be very helpful.

Examples:

Tip: Never make your code less readable simply out of fear thatsome programs might not handle non-ASCII characters properly. If that should happen, thoseprograms are broken and they must be fixed.

3 Source file structure

A source file consists of, in order:

1. License or copyright information, if present
2. Package statement
3. Import statements
4. Exactly one top-level class

Exactly one blank line separates each section that is present.

3.1 License or copyright information, if present

If license or copyright information belongs in a file, it belongs here.

3.2 Package statement

The package statement is not line-wrapped. The column limit (Section 4.4,Column limit: 100) does not apply to package statements.

3.3 Import statements

3.3.1 No wildcard imports

Wildcard imports, static or otherwise, are not used.

3.3.2 No line-wrapping

Import statements are not line-wrapped. The column limit (Section 4.4,Column limit: 100) does not apply to importstatements.

3.3.3 Ordering and spacing

Imports are ordered as follows:

Binary File Viewer

1. All static imports in a single block.
2. All non-static imports in a single block.

If there are both static and non-static imports, a single blank line separates the twoblocks. There are no other blank lines between import statements.

Within each block the imported names appear in ASCII sort order. (Note:this is not the same as the import statements being in ASCII sort order, since '.'sorts before ';'.)

3.3.4 No static import for classes

Static import is not used for static nested classes. They are imported withnormal imports.

3.4 Class declaration

3.4.1 Exactly one top-level class declaration

Each top-level class resides in a source file of its own.

3.4.2 Ordering of class contents

The order you choose for the members and initializers of your class can have a great effect onlearnability. However, there's no single correct recipe for how to do it; different classes mayorder their contents in different ways.

What is important is that each class uses some logical order, which itsmaintainer could explain if asked. For example, new methods are not just habitually added to the endof the class, as that would yield 'chronological by date added' ordering, which is not a logicalordering.

3.4.2.1 Overloads: never split

When a class has multiple constructors, or multiple methods with the same name, these appearsequentially, with no other code in between (not even private members).

4 Formatting

Terminology Note:block-like construct refers tothe body of a class, method or constructor. Note that, by Section 4.8.3.1 onarray initializers, any array initializermay optionally be treated as if it were a block-like construct.

4.1 Braces

4.1.1 Braces are used where optional

Braces are used withif,else,for,do andwhile statements, even when thebody is empty or contains only a single statement.

4.1.2 Nonempty blocks: K & R style

Braces follow the Kernighan and Ritchie style('Egyptian brackets')for nonempty blocks and block-like constructs:

• No line break before the opening brace.
• Line break after the opening brace.
• Line break before the closing brace.
• Line break after the closing brace, only if that brace terminates a statement or terminates the body of a method, constructor, or named class. For example, there is no line break after the brace if it is followed by else or a comma.

Examples:

A few exceptions for enum classes are given in Section 4.8.1,Enum classes.

Vb6 Read Binary File Into Byte Array C

4.1.3 Empty blocks: may be concise

An empty block or block-like construct may be in K & R style (as described inSection 4.1.2). Alternatively, it may be closed immediatelyafter it is opened, with no characters or line break in between({}), unless it is part of amulti-block statement (one that directly contains multiple blocks:if/else ortry/catch/finally).

Examples:

4.2 Block indentation: +2 spaces

Each time a new block or block-like construct is opened, the indent increases by twospaces. When the block ends, the indent returns to the previous indent level. The indent levelapplies to both code and comments throughout the block. (See the example in Section 4.1.2,Nonempty blocks: K & R Style.)

4.3 One statement per line

Each statement is followed by a line break.

4.4 Column limit: 100

Java code has a column limit of 100 characters. A 'character' means any Unicode code point.Except as noted below, any line that would exceed this limit must be line-wrapped, as explained inSection 4.5, Line-wrapping.

Each Unicode code point counts as one character, even if its display width isgreater or less. For example, if usingfullwidth characters,you may choose to wrap the line earlier than where this rule strictly requires.

Exceptions:

1. Lines where obeying the column limit is not possible (for example, a long URL in Javadoc, or a long JSNI method reference).
2. package and import statements (see Sections 3.2 Package statement and 3.3 Import statements).
3. Command lines in a comment that may be cut-and-pasted into a shell.

4.5 Line-wrapping

Terminology Note: When code that might otherwise legallyoccupy a single line is divided into multiple lines, this activity is calledline-wrapping.

There is no comprehensive, deterministic formula showing exactly how to line-wrap inevery situation. Very often there are several valid ways to line-wrap the same piece of code.

Note: While the typical reason for line-wrapping is to avoidoverflowing the column limit, even code that would in fact fit within the column limit maybe line-wrapped at the author's discretion.

Tip: Extracting a method or local variable may solve the problemwithout the need to line-wrap.

4.5.1 Where to break

The prime directive of line-wrapping is: prefer to break at ahigher syntactic level. Also:

1. When a line is broken at a non-assignment operator the break comes before the symbol. (Note that this is not the same practice used in Google style for other languages, such as C++ and JavaScript.)
   • This also applies to the following 'operator-like' symbols:
     • the dot separator (.)
     • the two colons of a method reference (::)
     • an ampersand in a type bound (<T extends Foo & Bar>)
     • a pipe in a catch block (catch (FooException | BarException e)).
2. When a line is broken at an assignment operator the break typically comes after the symbol, but either way is acceptable.
   • This also applies to the 'assignment-operator-like' colon in an enhanced for ('foreach') statement.
3. A method or constructor name stays attached to the open parenthesis (() that follows it.
4. A comma (,) stays attached to the token that precedes it.
5. A line is never broken adjacent to the arrow in a lambda, except that a break may come immediately after the arrow if the body of the lambda consists of a single unbraced expression. Examples:

Note: The primary goal for line wrapping is to have clearcode, not necessarily code that fits in the smallest number of lines.

4.5.2 Indent continuation lines at least +4 spaces

When line-wrapping, each line after the first (each continuation line) is indentedat least +4 from the original line.

When there are multiple continuation lines, indentation may be varied beyond +4 asdesired. In general, two continuation lines use the same indentation level if and only if theybegin with syntactically parallel elements.

Section 4.6.3 on Horizontal alignment addressesthe discouraged practice of using a variable number of spaces to align certain tokens withprevious lines.

4.6 Whitespace

4.6.1 Vertical Whitespace

A single blank line always appears:

1. Between consecutive members or initializers of a class: fields, constructors, methods, nested classes, static initializers, and instance initializers.
   • Exception: A blank line between two consecutive fields (having no other code between them) is optional. Such blank lines are used as needed to create logical groupings of fields.
   • Exception: Blank lines between enum constants are covered in Section 4.8.1.
2. As required by other sections of this document (such as Section 3, Source file structure, and Section 3.3, Import statements).

A single blank line may also appear anywhere it improves readability, for example betweenstatements to organize the code into logical subsections. A blank line before the first member orinitializer, or after the last member or initializer of the class, is neither encouraged nordiscouraged.

Multiple consecutive blank lines are permitted, but never required (or encouraged).

4.6.2 Horizontal whitespace

Beyond where required by the language or other style rules, and apart from literals, comments andJavadoc, a single ASCII space also appears in the following places only.

1. Separating any reserved word, such as if, for or catch, from an open parenthesis (() that follows it on that line
2. Separating any reserved word, such as else or catch, from a closing curly brace (}) that precedes it on that line
3. Before any open curly brace ({), with two exceptions:
   • @SomeAnnotation({a, b}) (no space is used)
   • String[][] x = {{'foo'}}; (no space is required between {{, by item 8 below)
4. On both sides of any binary or ternary operator. This also applies to the following 'operator-like' symbols:
   • the ampersand in a conjunctive type bound: <T extends Foo & Bar>
   • the pipe for a catch block that handles multiple exceptions: catch (FooException | BarException e)
   • the colon (:) in an enhanced for ('foreach') statement
   • the arrow in a lambda expression: (String str) -> str.length()
   but not
   • the two colons (::) of a method reference, which is written like Object::toString
   • the dot separator (.), which is written like object.toString()
5. After ,:; or the closing parenthesis ()) of a cast
6. On both sides of the double slash (//) that begins an end-of-line comment. Here, multiple spaces are allowed, but not required.
7. Between the type and variable of a declaration: List<String> list
8. Optional just inside both braces of an array initializer
   • new int[] {5, 6} and new int[] { 5, 6 } are both valid
9. Between a type annotation and [] or ....

This rule is never interpreted as requiring or forbidding additional space at the start orend of a line; it addresses only interior space.

4.6.3 Horizontal alignment: never required

Terminology Note:Horizontal alignment is thepractice of adding a variable number of additional spaces in your code with the goal of makingcertain tokens appear directly below certain other tokens on previous lines.

This practice is permitted, but is never required by Google Style. It is noteven required to maintain horizontal alignment in places where it was already used.

Here is an example without alignment, then using alignment:

Tip: Alignment can aid readability, but it creates problems forfuture maintenance. Consider a future change that needs to touch just one line. This change mayleave the formerly-pleasing formatting mangled, and that is allowed. More oftenit prompts the coder (perhaps you) to adjust whitespace on nearby lines as well, possiblytriggering a cascading series of reformattings. That one-line change now has a 'blast radius.'This can at worst result in pointless busywork, but at best it still corrupts version historyinformation, slows down reviewers and exacerbates merge conflicts.

4.7 Grouping parentheses: recommended

Optional grouping parentheses are omitted only when author and reviewer agree that there is noreasonable chance the code will be misinterpreted without them, nor would they have made the codeeasier to read. It is not reasonable to assume that every reader has the entire Javaoperator precedence table memorized.

4.8 Specific constructs

4.8.1 Enum classes

After each comma that follows an enum constant, a line break is optional. Additional blanklines (usually just one) are also allowed. This is one possibility:

An enum class with no methods and no documentation on its constants may optionally be formattedas if it were an array initializer (see Section 4.8.3.1 onarray initializers).

Since enum classes are classes, all other rules for formatting classes apply.

4.8.2 Variable declarations

4.8.2.1 One variable per declaration

Every variable declaration (field or local) declares only one variable: declarations such asint a, b; are not used.

Exception: Multiple variable declarations are acceptable in the header of afor loop.

4.8.2.2 Declared when needed

Local variables are not habitually declared at the start of their containingblock or block-like construct. Instead, local variables are declared close to the point they arefirst used (within reason), to minimize their scope. Local variable declarations typically haveinitializers, or are initialized immediately after declaration.

4.8.3 Arrays

4.8.3.1 Array initializers: can be 'block-like'

Any array initializer may optionally be formatted as if it were a 'block-likeconstruct.' For example, the following are all valid (not an exhaustivelist):

4.8.3.2 No C-style array declarations

The square brackets form a part of the type, not the variable:String[] args, notString args[].

4.8.4 Switch statements

Terminology Note: Inside the braces of aswitch block are one or more statement groups. Each statement group consists ofone or more switch labels (either case FOO: ordefault:), followed by one or more statements (or, forthe last statement group, zero or more statements).

4.8.4.1 Indentation

As with any other block, the contents of a switch block are indented +2.

After a switch label, there is a line break, and the indentation level is increased +2, exactlyas if a block were being opened. The following switch label returns to the previous indentationlevel, as if a block had been closed.

4.8.4.2 Fall-through: commented

Within a switch block, each statement group either terminates abruptly (with abreak,continue,return or thrown exception), or is marked with a commentto indicate that execution will or might continue into the next statement group. Anycomment that communicates the idea of fall-through is sufficient (typically// fall through). This special comment is not required inthe last statement group of the switch block. Example:

Notice that no comment is needed after case 1:, onlyat the end of the statement group.

4.8.4.3 The default case is present

Each switch statement includes a default statementgroup, even if it contains no code.

Exception: A switch statement for an enum type may omitthe default statement group, if it includesexplicit cases covering all possible values of that type. This enables IDEs or other staticanalysis tools to issue a warning if any cases were missed.

4.8.5 Annotations

Annotations applying to a class, method or constructor appear immediately after thedocumentation block, and each annotation is listed on a line of its own (that is, one annotationper line). These line breaks do not constitute line-wrapping (Section4.5, Line-wrapping), so the indentation level is notincreased. Example:

Exception: A single parameterless annotationmay instead appear together with the first line of the signature, for example:

Annotations applying to a field also appear immediately after the documentation block, but inthis case, multiple annotations (possibly parameterized) may be listed on the same line;for example:

There are no specific rules for formatting annotations on parameters, local variables, or types.

4.8.6 Comments

This section addresses implementation comments. Javadoc is addressed separately inSection 7, Javadoc.

Any line break may be preceded by arbitrary whitespace followed by an implementation comment.Such a comment renders the line non-blank.

4.8.6.1 Block comment style

Block comments are indented at the same level as the surrounding code. They may be in/* ... */ style or// ... style. For multi-line/* ... */ comments, subsequent lines must start with* aligned with the * on the previous line.

Comments are not enclosed in boxes drawn with asterisks or other characters.

Tip: When writing multi-line comments, use the/* ... */ style if you want automatic code formatters tore-wrap the lines when necessary (paragraph-style). Most formatters don't re-wrap lines in// ... style comment blocks.

4.8.7 Modifiers

Class and member modifiers, when present, appear in the orderrecommended by the Java Language Specification:

4.8.8 Numeric Literals

long-valued integer literals use an uppercase L suffix, neverlowercase (to avoid confusion with the digit 1). For example, 3000000000Lrather than 3000000000l.

5 Naming

5.1 Rules common to all identifiers

Identifiers use only ASCII letters and digits, and, in a small number of cases noted below,underscores. Thus each valid identifier name is matched by the regular expressionw+ .

In Google Style, special prefixes or suffixes are not used. For example, thesenames are not Google Style: name_, mName,s_name and kName.

5.2 Rules by identifier type

5.2.1 Package names

Package names are all lowercase, with consecutive words simply concatenated together (nounderscores). For example, com.example.deepspace, notcom.example.deepSpace orcom.example.deep_space.

5.2.2 Class names

Class names are written in UpperCamelCase.

Class names are typically nouns or noun phrases. For example,Character orImmutableList. Interface names may also be nouns ornoun phrases (for example, List), but may sometimes beadjectives or adjective phrases instead (for example,Readable).

There are no specific rules or even well-established conventions for naming annotation types.

Test classes are named starting with the name of the class they are testing, and endingwith Test. For example,HashTest orHashIntegrationTest.

5.2.3 Method names

Method names are written in lowerCamelCase.

Method names are typically verbs or verb phrases. For example,sendMessage orstop.

Underscores may appear in JUnit test method names to separate logical components of thename, with each component written in lowerCamelCase.One typical pattern is <methodUnderTest>_<state>,for example pop_emptyStack. There is no One CorrectWay to name test methods.

5.2.4 Constant names

Constant names use CONSTANT_CASE: all uppercaseletters, with each word separated from the next by a single underscore. But what is aconstant, exactly?

Constants are static final fields whose contents are deeply immutable and whose methods have nodetectable side effects. This includes primitives, Strings, immutable types, and immutablecollections of immutable types. If any of the instance's observable state can change, it is not aconstant. Merely intending to never mutate the object is not enough. Examples:

These names are typically nouns or noun phrases.

5.2.5 Non-constant field names

Non-constant field names (static or otherwise) are writtenin lowerCamelCase.

These names are typically nouns or noun phrases. For example,computedValues orindex.

5.2.6 Parameter names

Parameter names are written in lowerCamelCase.

One-character parameter names in public methods should be avoided.

5.2.7 Local variable names

Local variable names are written in lowerCamelCase.

Even when final and immutable, local variables are not considered to be constants, and should notbe styled as constants.

5.2.8 Type variable names

Each type variable is named in one of two styles:

• A single capital letter, optionally followed by a single numeral (such as E, T, X, T2)
• A name in the form used for classes (see Section 5.2.2, Class names), followed by the capital letter T (examples: RequestT, FooBarT).

5.3 Camel case: defined

Sometimes there is more than one reasonable way to convert an English phrase into camel case,such as when acronyms or unusual constructs like 'IPv6' or 'iOS' are present. To improvepredictability, Google Style specifies the following (nearly) deterministic scheme.

Beginning with the prose form of the name:

1. Convert the phrase to plain ASCII and remove any apostrophes. For example, 'Müller's algorithm' might become 'Muellers algorithm'.
2. Divide this result into words, splitting on spaces and any remaining punctuation (typically hyphens).
   • Recommended: if any word already has a conventional camel-case appearance in common usage, split this into its constituent parts (e.g., 'AdWords' becomes 'ad words'). Note that a word such as 'iOS' is not really in camel case per se; it defies any convention, so this recommendation does not apply.
3. Now lowercase everything (including acronyms), then uppercase only the first character of:
   • ... each word, to yield upper camel case, or
   • ... each word except the first, to yield lower camel case
4. Finally, join all the words into a single identifier.

Note that the casing of the original words is almost entirely disregarded. Examples:

*Acceptable, but not recommended.

Note: Some words are ambiguously hyphenated in the Englishlanguage: for example 'nonempty' and 'non-empty' are both correct, so the method namescheckNonempty andcheckNonEmpty are likewise both correct.

6 Programming Practices

6.1 @Override: always used

A method is marked with the @Override annotationwhenever it is legal. This includes a class method overriding a superclass method, a class methodimplementing an interface method, and an interface method respecifying a superinterfacemethod.

Exception:@Override may be omitted when the parent method is@Deprecated.

6.2 Caught exceptions: not ignored

Except as noted below, it is very rarely correct to do nothing in response to a caughtexception. (Typical responses are to log it, or if it is considered 'impossible', rethrow it as anAssertionError.)

When it truly is appropriate to take no action whatsoever in a catch block, the reason this isjustified is explained in a comment.

Exception: In tests, a caught exception may be ignoredwithout comment if its name is or begins with expected. Thefollowing is a very common idiom for ensuring that the code under test does throw anexception of the expected type, so a comment is unnecessary here.

6.3 Static members: qualified using class

When a reference to a static class member must be qualified, it is qualified with that class'sname, not with a reference or expression of that class's type.

6.4 Finalizers: not used

It is extremely rare to override Object.finalize.

Tip: Don't do it. If you absolutely must, first read and understand Effective Java Item 7,'Avoid Finalizers,' very carefully, and then don't do it.

7 Javadoc

7.1 Formatting

7.1.1 General form

The basic formatting of Javadoc blocks is as seen in this example:

... or in this single-line example:

The basic form is always acceptable. The single-line form may be substituted when the entiretyof the Javadoc block (including comment markers) can fit on a single line. Note that this onlyapplies when there are no block tags such as @return.

7.1.2 Paragraphs

One blank line—that is, a line containing only the aligned leading asterisk(*)—appears between paragraphs, and before the group of block tags ifpresent. Each paragraph but the first has <p> immediately before the first word,with no space after.

7.1.3 Block tags

Any of the standard 'block tags' that are used appear in the order @param,@return, @throws, @deprecated, and these four types neverappear with an empty description. When a block tag doesn't fit on a single line, continuation linesare indented four (or more) spaces from the position of the @.

7.2 The summary fragment

Each Javadoc block begins with a brief summary fragment. Thisfragment is very important: it is the only part of the text that appears in certain contexts such asclass and method indexes.

This is a fragment—a noun phrase or verb phrase, not a complete sentence. It doesnot begin with A {@code Foo} is a..., orThis method returns..., nor does it form a complete imperative sentencelike Save the record.. However, the fragment is capitalized andpunctuated as if it were a complete sentence.

Tip: A common mistake is to write simple Javadoc in the form/** @return the customer ID */. This is incorrect, and should bechanged to /** Returns the customer ID. */.

7.3 Where Javadoc is used

At the minimum, Javadoc is present for everypublic class, and everypublic orprotected member of such a class, with a few exceptionsnoted below.

Additional Javadoc content may also be present, as explained in Section 7.3.4,Non-required Javadoc.

7.3.1 Exception: self-explanatory methods

Javadoc is optional for 'simple, obvious' methods likegetFoo, in cases where there really and truly isnothing else worthwhile to say but 'Returns the foo'.

Important: it is not appropriate to cite this exception to justifyomitting relevant information that a typical reader might need to know. For example, for a methodnamed getCanonicalName, don't omit its documentation(with the rationale that it would say only/** Returns the canonical name. */) if a typical reader may have no ideawhat the term 'canonical name' means!

7.3.2 Exception: overrides

Javadoc is not always present on a method that overrides a supertype method.

7.3.4 Non-required Javadoc

Other classes and members have Javadoc as needed or desired.

Whenever an implementation comment would be used to define the overall purpose or behavior of aclass or member, that comment is written as Javadoc instead (using /**).

Non-required Javadoc is not strictly required to follow the formatting rules of Sections7.1.2, 7.1.3, and 7.2, though it is of course recommended.